Meta Research Bulletin (ISSN 1086-6590, USA) March 15, 2000 Vol. 9, No. 1, pp.9-13.
Survey For Ruin Like Formations On The Moon
Alexey V. Arkhipov
rai@ira.kharkov.ua Institute of Radio Astronomy, 4 Krasnoznamennaya str., Kharkov, 61002,
Ukraine
ABSTRACT
As a continuation of preliminary analysis of Clementine lunar images [2], an automated computer survey for ruin-like objects on the Moon has been executed. The finds are now classified and catalogued. It is shown that majority of these formations could be interpreted as collapsed subsurface cavities. Such local formations are puzzling from a geological perspective, and seem promising candidates for archaeological objects. Besides, such subsurface cavities in Polar Regions could be interesting for other reasons, such as colonization of the Moon or as lava tubes.
1. INTRODUCTION
Our thesis is that the Moon could be used as indicator of extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) visits to our unique "alive" planet [1]. ETI, as well as NASA, could understand the strategic significance of Moon-ports for interplanetary communications. That is why it is reasonable to search for alien artifacts (e.g. ETI bases of 0-4 Gyr age) on our satellite. Various computer algorithms were proposed and tested for the archaeological reconnaissance of the Moon [2]. About 20,000 Clementine lunar orbital HIRES images have been processed, and a few ruin-like formations were found. Now the results of similar automated survey of all HIRES polar images (~80,000 files) are presented.
2. SURVEY AND CATALOGUE
As in the preliminary search, the orbital images of high-resolution camera (HIRES, 9-30 m/pixel) of the Clementine space probe [3] were analyzed. Only the polar lunar regions of ±75° to ±90° latitudes were processed in this survey because of their oblique lighting. Basic tests used for image selection are described in [2]. These are the preliminary fractal, rectangular, geological tests and the SAAM filter. Moreover, two new tests were added. 1. The false alarm probability was decreased by discarding of excessively shadowed images (shadow filter). If >5% of pixels are dimmer than 10% of the maximum brightness amplitude, that image was ignored. Files of <13 KB size were discarded too. 2. For filtering of shadow interference after the preliminary fractal test, the
following "FREX" procedure was used. The fractal a-parameter (a measure of artificiality) was computed as in [2], but for only 1 of every 5 points to speed up the analysis of the images. The average linear regression relating to the random image set and zenith angle of the Sun (Zsun) was calculated by this simple algorithm. If the image was lower than the a-Zsun regression minus 1/2 of its standard deviation, the image was selected. In summary, the preliminary fractal test, shadow filter, FREX and rectangular tests selected ~5% of the images as interesting. The selected files were SAAM filtered and tested visually. About 97% of the selections were ignored after SAAM testing. The remaining 128 finds are catalogued (see Table I). Only 47 catalogued images were still selected after the geological test. Their orientations are different (>10 deg.) from the significant directions of background lineaments (details in [2]). Finally, only 18 files of these 47 were selected as most interesting after the full fractal test for artificiality. Their a-factors are deviate from a-Zsun regression for 100 random images by more than 3 times of its standard deviation. Such images of top interest are marked by asterisks in Table I. However, it is not reasonable to ignore other catalogued finds. Human activity, for example, correlates with geological lineaments (e.g. valleys, rivers, deposits around faults). That is why a negative result of geological test is not evidence of natural object; but a positive result would be an additional argument for POSSIBLE artificiality. Moreover, eroded objects could be of low contrast on images taken from orbit. Their fractal properties might be insufficiently different from background. Hence, the fractal test could undervalue the find. That is why all finds in Table I are of potential interest for archaeological reconnaissance of the Moon. The finds in the catalogue are described as systems of simple quasi-rectangular elements: d - depressions; f - furrows; h - quadrangle hills; p - rectangular pattern of craterlets; r - ridges. Thus, an abbreviation such as "dr" in the last column of Table I means "a system with quasi-rectangular depression(s) and quasi-rectangular ridges". This method of description is convenient for morphological analysis.
3. MORPHOLOGY AND PHENOMENOLOGY
There are two main types of ruin-like formations. 1. Quasi-rectangular patterns of depressions (recdeps). About 69% of ruin-like finds could be attributed to this type. Usually recdep is a cluster of rectangular depressions with rectangular ridges between them. This wafer pattern may be seen in the examples shown in Fig. 1.
Figure 1
"Recdep" examples in evolutionary order: (a) LHD0316A.083; (b) LHD0470B.112; ( c ) LHD5443Q.291; (d) LHD5472Q.287; (e) LHD5661R.068.
Presumably, an isolated, single rectangular depression could be considered as an extreme form of recdep. Moreover, there are transitional forms from rectangular pattern of craterlets to recdep (e.g. Fig. 1b). So, recdeps in the Table I have descriptions with d, dr or p elements. The typical size of recdeps is ~1-3 km. The size of these rectangular depressions is 0.1-2 km. Quasi-rectangular patterns of depressions correlate with plain terrains (e.g., inter-crater space, or the bottom of the large-scale craters). 2. Quasi-rectangular lattices of lineaments (reclats). These comprise 30% of the ruin-like formations here. A reclat is a complex of interlacing, broken ridges or furrows, which form the quasi-rectangular pattern (Fig. 2).
Figure 2
"Reclats" examples in evolutionary order: (a) LHD0558B.072; (b) LHD5559Q.279; ( c ) LHD6749R.318; (d) LHD6158R.320.
This morphological type is present in Table I as complexes of r and/or f elements without d. These lineaments have a typical width of ~50 m and cover territory of ~1 km. Reclats correlate with slopes and hill tops, where the regolith layer must be thinnest. Apparently, what we see is subsurface structure rather than some organization of regolith. Besides recdeps and reclats, quadrangle hills are worthy of separate description. The hills are located in formations of both morphological types. The dimensions of such hills are 0.3-1 km. Usually the quadrangle hill has a craterlet on its top. Sometimes the top depression is so large that the hill appears hollow (Fig. 3).
Figure 3
The hollow hill is bounded by a rectangular depression: a candidate for embankment (LHD5345Q.059).
The rectangular depressions around the hill on Fig. 3 are a rarity for the Moon, but they are common for man-made mounds on the Earth.
4. INTERPRETATIONS
The origin of ruin-like formations could be reconstructed from images of various stages of their evolution. Thus, the reconstruction of recdep evolution is shown in Fig. 1. The simplest, probably the first stage formation, is a regular pattern of craterlets (Fig. 1a). Apparently, this is the collapse or regolith drainage into subsurface caverns. Expanding craterlets became angular. The rectangular lattice of ridges appears between them (Fig. 1b). The rectangular lineaments around such formation (Fig. 1c) show the regular and local nature of subsurface caverns. Such a cavern system is seen after its total collapse (Fig. 1d). The bottom collapses (Fig. 1e) and slope terraces [1] in rectangular depressions argue for several levels of caves. The reclet evolution could be interpreted in terms of erosion too (Fig. 2). Apparently, the first (simplest) stage of reclet is the quasi-rectangular system of narrow
furrows-cracks (Fig. 2a). The cracks expand (Fig. 2b) and transform into quasi-rectangular pattern of ridges (Fig. 2c). The Fig. 2d shows the quadrangle mesa-like hill surrounded by the ridge system (using the high-pass filter of Adobe Photoshop). Obviously, such ridges are a relatively stable aspect of the hill they reside on. These rectangular systems of depressions and ridges resemble terrestrial ruins. Recdeps and reclats are too localized and regularized for tectonic features or jointing pattern of impacts. Subsurface, rectangular, multilevel caves are not known in lunar geology. However, they are usual considered in modern plans for lunar bases. The rectangular systems of ridges could be interpreted in terms of archaeology too. Of course, suggesting this possibility is not a form of evidence, but rather an argument for archaeological reconnaissance in situ.
5. CONCLUSIONS
The systematic survey for lunar ruin-like objects is realized. The results follow. 1. New ruin-like formations are found. 2. A catalogue of promising objects for archaeological reconnaissance of the Moon is compiled. Even if catalogued finds are natural, they are interesting examples of unusual lunar geology. 3. Catalogued rectangular systems of depressions and ridges (recdeps and reclats) are landscape forms not described in other catalogues. 4. It is argued that recdep could be interpreted as a collapse of a subsurface system of caves. Such rectangular, multilevel caverns could be interesting for archaeology, geology and sites for lunar base. Therefore, the archaeological reconnaissance of the Moon appears to be a viable, active, interdisciplinary field of science.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author is grateful to Dr. Y.G.Shkuratov for access to the Clementine CDs. I also thank Dr. L.N.Litvinenko and Dr. T. Van Flandern for support.
REFERENCES
1. A.V. Arkhipov, "Earth-Moon System as a Collector of Alien Artifacts", J. Brit. Interplanet. Soc., 51, 181-184 (1998). 2. A.V. Arkhipov, Preliminary Search For Ruin-Like Formations on the Moon, Meta Research Bulletin, 8, No. 4, 49-54. 3. DoD/NASA, "Mission to the Moon", Deep Space Program Science Experiment, Clementine EDR Image Archive. Vol. 1-88. Planetary Data System & Naval Research Laboratory, Pasadena, 1995 (CDs).
Table. Catalogue of Ruin-Like Finds
Note: The central coordinates of images are in degrees. The last column contains the quasi-rectangular elements (see text for definitions).
Table I. CATALOGUE OF RUIN-LIKE FINDS
-------------------------------------------------- | Longitude | Latitude | File | Elements | | deg. | deg. | | | -------------------------------------------------- 11.05 89.16 LHD5814R.295 d 13.63 85.57 LHD5741R.295 d 16.08 -76.10 LHD0480B.030 f * 20.03 -81.24 LHD0395A.160 p 20.69 -79.70 LHD0159B.293 dr 22.50 80.63 LHD5686R.160 r 25.38 75.50 LHB5443Q.291 prf 28.25 -76.50 LHD0132B.290 dr * 28.35 79.10 LHD5502Q.290 f 31.16 80.78 LHD5833R.157 f * 31.21 78.82 LHD5256Q.293 d 32.97 79.60 LHD5538Q.289 f 33.55 77.27 LHD5715Q.156 dr 33.57 77.05 LHD5713Q.156 dr 35.45 81.20 LHD5555R.289 rfd 37.00 77.58 LHD5472Q.287 pr 37.18 79.86 LHD5525Q.287 df 41.93 -82.88 LHD0280A.151 fd 43.09 86.94 LHD5724R.286 dr 44.05 -75.87 LHD0445B.151 r 51.34 -83.68 LHD0233A.147 f * 53.95 -83.54 LHD0287A.146 rd 56.88 87.01 LHD5705R.282 dr 60.29 79.20 LHD5559Q.279 d 60.30 85.14 LHD5636R.280 p 108.97 -76.82 LHD0412B.127 rhf 109.85 -82.38 LHD0344A.126 d 113.40 82.50 LHD5350R.260 fdr 123.50 86.07 LHD5652R.126 df 124.55 -82.47 LHD0282A.121 d 128.05 80.00 LHD5375R.254 ? 128.25 -78.26 LHD0162B.253 f 128.41 -76.13 LHD0191B.253 r 128.83 82.91 LHD5459R.254 dr 130.26 -82.91 LHD0073A.252 d 130.33 -82.75 LHD0274A.119 rp 130.52 79.32 LHD4691Q.253 pf 130.71 80.68 LHD4722R.253 dr
131.20 -78.77 LHD0111B.252 dr 135.66 80.05 LHD4807R.251 ? 137.97 -84.74 LHD0276A.116 dr 139.41 -86.30 LHD0184A.115 f 145.91 77.84 LHD5288Q.247 f 148.00 -81.36 LHD0248A.113 f 148.41 -79.04 LHD0305B.113 d 149.69 -84.26 LHD0231A.112 f 150.71 -81.43 LHD0315A.112 rd 151.29 -77.99 LHD0415B.112 d 151.44 -76.24 LHD0470B.112 pr 154.36 83.95 LHD6979R.244 p 155.35 83.91 LHD5605R.112 dp 156.86 83.25 LHD5564R.243 f 159.68 -78.18 LHD0343B.109 pr 164.46 76.18 LHD4993Q.240 rf 164.51 81.34 LHD5173R.240 fd 166.93 89.03 LHD5643R.114 dr 167.15 80.91 LHD5286R.239 f 169.86 81.35 LHD5175R.238 d 169.87 79.18 LHD5107Q.238 dr 171.02 -81.44 LHD0095A.238 p * 179.43 89.72 LHD5696R.248 fp 190.15 -77.39 LHD0469B.098 rf 191.53 83.32 LHD5417R.230 pr * 191.54 83.21 LHD5416R.230 r 192.67 -80.56 LHD0308A.097 r * 192.83 -81.40 LHD0096A.230 dr * 192.90 -76.89 LHD0392B.097 f 197.24 89.46 LHD5611R.108 drf 200.20 78.82 LHD5279Q.227 dr 224.67 -76.57 LHD0421B.085 dr 224.72 -86.21 LHD0175A.083 r 229.10 -80.45 LHD0316A.083 p 230.32 -83.27 LHD0516A.082 pd * 232.01 -76.20 LHD0210B.215 f 232.08 86.83 LHD5588R.217 fr 242.82 87.26 LHD5629R.214 df 243.37 82.05 LHD5628R.080 dr 244.03 -81.12 LHD0146A.210 d 244.99 85.05 LHD7605R.344 r * 246.08 81.88 LHD7638R.343 fh 246.21 -82.25 LHD0142A.209 dr * 250.58 -85.48 LHD0193A.073 r 251.14 -82.54 LHD0140A.207 r 251.65 79.76 LHD5397Q.209 f
254.56 79.99 LHD5250Q.208 f 254.65 -80.58 LHD0148A.206 r 258.78 -77.45 LHD0558B.072 f * 261.17 86.87 LHD5466R.208 dr * 266.18 -83.86 LHD0278A.068 r 266.42 86.58 LHD5492R.206 dr 268.33 87.79 LHD5595R.207 fp * 269.63 85.11 LHD5650R.072 d 269.77 87.47 LHD5521R.206 dr * 272.70 82.72 LHD5562R.202 r 273.41 79.55 LHD5545Q.069 d 273.56 79.74 LHD5547Q.069 d 281.47 -82.36 LHD0273A.063 fd 284.08 87.80 LHD5717R.202 dr 289.90 -80.94 LHD0149A.193 d 290.49 87.58 LHD5661R.068 d 291.22 -75.94 LHD0211B.193 d 292.29 77.16 LHD5116Q.194 d 292.30 77.07 LHD5110Q.194 d 293.74 -80.73 LHD0315A.059 p 296.28 -79.60 LHD0173B.191 dr 297.82 84.15 LHD5528R.193 dr * 300.02 79.68 LHD5345Q.059 hd 300.98 80.42 LHD5441R.191 d 301.21 80.96 LHD5456R.191 dr * 301.28 85.55 LHD6749R.318 r 301.55 -86.03 LHD0082A.320 h 301.58 -88.19 LHD0119A.052 r * 306.10 -77.54 LHD0387B.055 dr 311.45 86.05 LHD6158R.320 rh 312.61 77.97 LHD5576Q.054 dr 312.73 78.18 LHD5578Q.054 dr 312.75 78.38 LHD5579Q.054 dr 314.96 77.38 LHD5307Q.053 dr 315.05 77.60 LHD5313Q.053 d 315.37 77.84 LHD5314Q.053 d 318.16 79.39 LHD5862Q.316 fdr 320.67 79.28 LHD5916Q.315 dr 323.28 86.62 LHD5574R.052 f 329.05 -78.41 LHD0362B.047 fd 338.05 86.90 LHD5972R.308 d 341.12 81.88 LHA3621R.307 dr 349.97 87.33 LHD5752R.303 pr 351.42 85.96 LHD5165R.171 r
Produced for Alexey Arkhipov by Francis Ridge of The Lunascan Project
The title of this video is "The million dollar coffin". It tells us that a group of conspirators is on the way to build another coffin around the destroyed Tschernobyl reactor. They have founded a bank for financing , collecting hundreds of millions of dollars from us, the western people. This video tells the story of the first coffin and how it was used to steal hundreds of millions, a robbery they are repeating right now. This video gives proof that the radioactivity level inside the core of the Tschernobyl reactor is much more lower than it should be , much lower than it is taught to us by experts, who never did even come close to Tschernobyl. In the video you watch people cartographing the reactor since years without wearing heavy protection, they are even eating and smoking inside.
The official doctrine says, that there had been 3 % of the fuel rods blown into the air by the explosion, leaving 97 % inside of the reactor, melting together with all sorts of metalls by the high temperatures.
This video says , the only possible explanation for the very low radiation level is, that there are only 3 % of the fuel rods left, whilst the explosion has spread 97 % of the fuel rods all around the world thus leaving widespread impressive contamination.
The video says that there was no lasting fire with high temperatures, just a big explosion ( like Fukushima ? ) causing shorttime heat.
Again we see another big fraud operation happening right before our eyes. The catastrophy of Tschernobyl was and is used to steal money. The same principle of deceiption practiced, as the real egyptian revolution was used , to trigger a faked revolution in Libya in order to invade and to steal (raid).
A private-security company faces multiple charges for breaking provincial licensing laws in connection with its contract to provide security services for the G8 and G20 summits last summer.
Contemporary Security Canada, a Vancouver-based company that also provided security for the Olympic Games last year, won a $21-million contract for security services with the RCMP before the firm was licensed to work in Ontario.
The company began in May to hire the 1,500 workers needed to screen pedestrians throughout the summits in Huntsville, Ont., and Toronto.
CSC was finally granted a licence just two weeks before the summits in June, after the provincial ministry scrambled to get the company accredited.
The Ontario Provincial Police on Friday laid several charges against the company under the Private Security and Investigation Services Act, including three counts of offering to provide security services while not licensed.
Police have also charged 12 CSC employees – including president Stephen Vincent Mirabile – with related offences, the OPP said.
A court date has been set for April 29.
CSC spokeswoman Lecia Stewart said the company was “surprised and disappointed” by the charges.
“At no time did CSC provide security without the proper licencing,” Ms. Stewart said. “We haven’t been provided any information from the OPP, so we’ll have to wait and see what happens next.”
The company is “proud” of the security service it provided for the summits, she said.
The OPP investigation did not tackle how the RCMP awarded a multimillion-dollar contract to a company unlicensed to work in Ontario, or why the Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services expedited the process to get CSC accredited.
Awarding a licence typically takes four to six months and ministry staff are also required to run background checks on the company and the security guards it has hired. In CSC’s case, it received its licence within two weeks.
Ministry officials would not comment Friday but last June, Laura Blondeau, the spokeswoman for then minister Rick Bartolucci, said her “understanding is that the RCMP has a long-standing relationship with this company. So they secured them and we found out about it after the fact. It’s an inconvenience.”
The RCMP declined to comment on the ongoing investigation, but spokesman Sergeant Greg Cox said it was the responsibility of the security firm to ensure it had the proper Ontario licencing at the time of the summit.
The charges are being applauded by Canadian firms, who were furious that an unaccredited company was awarded the contract.
“This was actually outrageous and I’m gratified that at least charges have been laid,” said Ross McLeod, president of the Association of Professional Security Agencies. “It’s a small step in the right direction and hopefully, now there will be some investigation into why this contract was awarded to an unqualified company and then the ministry process rushed. We’ve finally got some traction on this issue.”
Meanwhile, Ontario’s police watchdog concluded on Friday that Toronto police officers were probably not involved when a man was injured while being arrested during G20 protests last June.
The Special Investigations Unit say Canute Fernandes, 42, fell to the ground after being overrun by a crowd as police moved in on protesters last June. His was one of the four investigations of police brutality reopened by the SIU.
The initial investigation in November could not determine whether the man’s injuries were caused by police or protesters. But when new video evidence came to light, the SIU reopened the case in March and made an appeal for witnesses.
While the SIU interviewed five more police officers last month, no new witnesses have come forward in Mr. Fernandes’ case, which means the SIU could not bring forward any criminal charges.
“With respect to the two digital video recordings, neither shows the complainant being initially apprehended; they depict Mr. Fernandes already on the ground and being dragged behind a police line,” director Ian Scott said in a statement. “On the basis of the original investigation, new video footage, and the new police witness interviews, I am of the view that the police were probably not responsible for Mr. Fernandes’ injuries,” he said.
Of the six cases into police brutality, four were reopened by the SIU.
Mars jokes ... about japanese jokes. Are there any air images from the location Fukushima II avaiable ? Especially before and after the tsunami, which Tepco says brought 14 meter high waves to the power plant ? If so, I have not found them.
Second reactor complex damaged: Fukushima II = Fukushima Da-Ni
Located 11, 5 km south of the destroyed Fukushima I complex.
"....All reactors in the Fukushima II Nuclear Power Plant are BWR-5 type[3] with electric power of 1,100 MW each (net output: 1,067 MW each).[4]
The reactors for units 1 and 3 were supplied by Toshiba, and for units 2 and 4 by Hitachi. Units 1–3 were built by Kajima while the unit 4 was built by Shimizu and Takenaka.[4] The design basis accident for an earthquake was between 0.42 g (4.15 m/s2) and 0.52 g (5.12 m/s2) and for a tsunami was 5.2 m.....
...The March 11, 2011 Tōhoku earthquake resulted in maximum horizontal ground accelerations of 0.21 g (2.10 m/s2) to 0.28 (2.77 m/s2) at the plant site, which is well below the design basis. [5][8] All four units were automatically shut down immediately after the earthquake, according to Nuclear Engineering International,[2] and the diesel engines were started to power the reactor cooling.[9] TEPCO estimated that the tsunami that followed the earthquake and inundated the plant was 14 meters high which is more than twice the designed height.[5] This flooded the pump rooms used for heat transfer to the sea, the ultimate heat sink of the reactors.[9] While the cooling system for unit 3 was undamaged, the other reactors were affected. The cooling systems remained operational, but heated up due to the lack of a heat sink. The high pressure coolant injection (HPCI) system (powered by reactor steam) was used as additional cooling.[9] On March 12, the cooling system for three reactors (numbers 1, 2 and 4) at the torus had topped 100 °C between 05:30 and 06:10 JST,[10][11][12] rendering all cooling systems (depending on temperature difference between the torus and the reactor) ineffective.[9]
Fukushima I and II Nuclear Accidents Overview Map showing evacuation and other zone progression and selected radiation levels.
The coolant systems in the pump room were repaired and activated in Units 1, 2 and 4 in the days following the emergency shutdown after cooling could recommence[10] Coolant temperatures below 100 °C (cold shutdown) were reached in reactor 2 about 34 hours after the emergency shut down (SCRAM).[10] Reactors 1 and 3 followed at 1:24 and 3:52 on March 14 and Reactor 4 at 7:00 on March 15.[13] The loss of cooling water at reactors 1, 2 and 4 was classified a level 3 on the International Nuclear Event Scale (serious incident) by Japanese authorities as of March 18.[14][15][16]
Officials made preparations for release of pressure from the plant on March 12.[17][18] As of March 20, however, no pressure release had been reported.[10][19]
An evacuation order was issued to people living within 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) of the plant,[20] subsequently expanded to 10 km (6.2 mi).[21][22]
Air traffic was restricted in a 10 km (6.2 mi) radius around the plant, according to a NOTAM.[23] These zone were superseded by the 20 km evacuation and 30 km no-fly zones around Fukushima I on March 12 and 15, respectively.
TEPCO announced that a worker who had been seriously injured by the earthquake, and trapped in the crane operating console of the exhaust stack was transported to the ground at 5:13 p.m. and confirmed dead at 5:17 p.m.[21][24][25][26][27]
Smoke was escaping from one of the buildings on 30 March 2011. It was emitted from equipment which supplies electrical power to a motor pump that collects outdoor water and stopped after workers disconnected the motor.[28]
What does the world think? Obama has been using air strikes and drones against civilians in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen, and probably Somalia. In his March 28 speech, Obama justified his air strikes against Libya on the grounds that the embattled ruler, Gadhafi, was using air strikes to put down a rebellion.
Gadhafi has been a black hat for as long as I can remember. If we believe the adage that “where there is smoke there is fire,” Gadhafi is probably not a nice fellow. However, there is no doubt whatsoever that the current US president and the predecessor Bush/Cheney regime have murdered many times more people in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia than Gadhafi has murdered in Libya.
Moreover, Gadhafi is putting down a rebellion against state authority as presently constituted, but Obama and Bush/Cheney initiated wars of aggression based entirely on lies and deception.
Yet Gadhafi is being demonized, and Bush/Cheney/Obama are sitting on their high horse draped in cloaks of morality. Obama described himself as saving Libyans from violence while Obama himself murders Afghans, Pakistanis, and whomever else.
Indeed, the Obama regime has been torturing a US soldier, Bradley Manning, for having a moral conscience. America has degenerated to the point where having a moral conscience is evidence of anti-Americanism and “terrorist activity.”
The obscene wars of aggression, the obscene profits of the offshoring corporations, and the obscene bailouts of the rich financial gangsters have left the American public with annual budget deficits of approximately $1.5 trillion. These deficits are being covered by printing money. Sooner or later, the printing presses will cause the US dollar to collapse and domestic inflation to explode. Social Security benefits will be wiped out by inflation rising more rapidly than the cost-of-living adjustments. If America survives, no one will be left but the mega-rich. Unless there is a violent revolution.
Alternatively, if the Federal Reserve puts the brake on monetary expansion, interest rates will rise, sending the economy into a deeper depression.
Washington, focused on its newest war, is oblivious to America’s peril. As Stiglitz notes, the costs of the Iraq war alone could have kept every foreclosed family in their home, provided health care for every American child, and wiped out the student loans of graduates who cannot find jobs because they have been outsourced to foreigners. However, the great democratic elected government of “the world’s only superpower” prefers to murder Muslims in order to enhance the profits of the military/security complex. More money is spent violating the constitutional rights of American air travelers than is spent in behalf of the needy.
The moral authority of the West is rapidly collapsing. When Russia, Asia, and South America look at Europe, Australia and Canada, they see American puppet states that contribute troops to the aggressive wars of the Empire. The French president, the British prime minister, the “president” of Georgia, and the rest are merely functionaries of the American Empire. The puppet rulers routinely sell out the interests and welfare of their peoples in behalf of American hegemony. And they are well rewarded for their service. One year out of office former British Prime Minister Tony Blair had a net worth of $30 million.
In his war against Libya, Obama has taken America one step further into Caesarism. Obama did Bush one step better and did not even bother to get congressional authorization for his attack on Libya. Obama claimed that his moral authority trumped the US Constitution. The hypocrisy reeks. How the public stands it, I do not know:
“To brush aside America’s responsibility as a leader and–more profoundly–our responsibilities to our fellow human beings under such circumstances would have been a betrayal of who we are. Some nations may be able to turn a blind eye to atrocities in other countries. The United States of America is different. And as president, I refused to wait for the images of slaughter and mass graves before taking action.”
This from the Great Moral Leader who every day murders civilians in Afghanistan and Pakistan and Yemen and Somalia and now Libya and who turns a blind eye when “the great democracy in the Middle East,” Israel, murders more Palestinians.
The American president, whose drones and air force slaughter civilians every day of the year went on to say Libya stands alone in presenting the world with “the prospect of violence on a horrific scale.” Obviously, Obama thinks that one million dead Iraqis, four million displaced Iraqis, and an unknown number of murdered Afghans is just a small thing.
The rest of Obama’s speech showed a person more capable of DoubleSpeak and DoubleThink than Big Brother and the denizens of George Orwell’s 1984.
How does a person as totally absurd as Obama expect to be taken seriously?
Dr. Roberts was Assistant Secretary of the US Treasury, associate editor of the Wall Street Journal, a member of the congressional staff, and held academic appointments at Stanford University, Georgetown University, VirginiaTech, Tulane University, George Mason University, and the University of New Mexico. He is the author or coauthor of nine books, numerous articles in scholarly journals, a contributor to many books and to economic dictionaries and encyclopedias. He was awarded the US Treasury’s Silver Medal, the French Legion of Honor, and has testified before committees of Congress on 30 occasions. He was Business Week’s first outside columnist and was columnist for the Scripps Howard News Service and Creators Syndicate in Los Angeles. Dr. Roberts was educated at Georgia Tech, the University of Virginia, the University of California at Berkeley, and at Oxford University where he was a member of Merton College. His latest book, How The Economy Was Lost, was published by Counterpunch/AK press in 2010. Read more articles by Paul Craig Roberts.
This image was taken AFTER the explosions happened. It shows explosion debris.
The 12 th of march images reflect the side immediately after the earthquake and the tsunami , reportedly with waves more than 10 meters high have passed and days before the explosions took place, explosions which damaged the whole area seriously. Comparing the two views makes us wonder and wonder and wonder..... .
Where is the debris, left by the earthquake and the following tsunami ?
I "suddenly" found all the debris in a photo from today the 30th March. Here it is.... I dont know where it could have gone to, but i found it on a Chinese News site.
Not much debris. Where is the debris ? It should be scattered all over the place. The power of the waves together with the shocks of the earthquake have caused a complete malfunction of two cooling systems, so the japanese experts tell the japanese people. The third cooling system, the diesel generator system, which should run the pumps was destroyed by water ( short circuits). Japan is a highly advanced nation, at least technically. Besides there seem to be no robots and drones avaiable for safe inspection , for taking fotos from a short distance and for removal of loose debris parts, another thing makes me really wonder. I talked to somebody, who is in close contact to the stuff of a german nuclear power plant. He told me, all the stuff is wondering, what the japanese did in the first days ( nothing ) . They told my friend: "IF SOMETHING SIMILAR WOULD HAPPEN IN OUR POWERPLANT, ONE HOUR LATER SPECIAL HELICOPTERS WOULD ARRIVE, TRANSPORTING ONE OR MORE MOBILE DIESELPOWERPLANTS OF AT LEAST ONE MW CAPACITY, THIS WAY RUNNING THE EMERGENCY COOLING SYSTEM."
What`s wrong with the japanese society ? Collective behavior and collective apathy do not explain everything that is going on. Apathy will kill us.
Defense Secretary Robert Gates says "the truth of the matter is we have trouble coming up with proof of any civilian casualties that we have been responsible for."
Gates said there were numerous intelligence reports suggesting Moammar Gadhafi's regime was taking bodies of people killed by the pro-government forces and placing them at sites attacked by U.S. planes.
Thanks to the specials relations between AA and the Mars jokes organisation our AA reporter was given an exclusive interview this morning, touching the third war in Libya. He asked especially about the rumours of killed civilians.
Mars jokes... : "A reliable source from our sandcommand under the lybian desert gave us the information that these socalled killed civilians are in fact dead libyan soldiers, killed during the bomb raids. The libyan regime has organized special body collecting teams, which during the night and sometimes during the day ( there is a strong demand for dead bodies) collect these bodies, in fact mostly body parts, from the attacked localities, strip of the uniform remains to dress them in prepared civilian cloths afterwards and deposit them into selected places, where they easyly can be fotographed by the international reporters. Oh I forgott to mention the bodies get a professional decontaminatian which removes all the radioactivity the uranium ammunition has left. So there is no danger for the reporters and there is a shuttle service organised for free".
There is no democracy movement in Libya. What you get to see are posers. One two three: Shout ! One two three: Fire ! and so on.
It is a false flag operation, as shameful as the Lusitania, as shameful as the Kuwait babies. No way to compare this bad joke with the honest egyptian revolution.
First the valuable workers ( human ressources , how they call them ) from the oil fields got evacuated . In this very early phase of the plan there have been:
Violations of Libyan air space, done by Italy, France, Germany, Great Britain and the US.
Undercoveroperations targeting the lybian military and civil people and civil facilities to create confusion and to provocate clashes between the libyan people. Included into these operations is committing massmurder , done by european and US special forces in preparation of a war of aggression.
Some of these forces have been sleepers waiting in Libya since years, others came during the night by aeroplane and by boat, others came and still come across the egyptian border. From the beginning a lot of governments had complete knowledge of what was planned and of what was going to happen.
A violation of international right and a crime, carefully orchestrated by many little helpers, actors and cameramen surrounded by Hollywwod scenes. This orchestration is still going on.
All these nice rebell pickups with these nice little automatic guns ? Where did they come from ? Has anybody seen such vehicles before ? In which countries ?
He , now I remember. They are common in Africa. Africa ? But these guys driving around, firing into the empty sky are not the mercennaries from Africa Mr. Kaddafi has been accused to bring into the country weeks ago. The pickup drivers are the good ones . Really confusing.
-- Edited by One single drop on Sunday 27th of March 2011 07:56:35 AM
Rumours talk about an ancient sea of sweet water under the libyan desert...........
But water, oil, even "democracy" belong to the group of foreground materialistic motivations.
" Keep them busy."
This is another mass killing world destabilising war a small group of "things" has started in recent history using the United States as a frontface mask.
A little reminder :
And the cattle is still patient. Seeds of future disasters are planted in this moment. Not by accident.
The "things" are aware of their actions and they are responsible, no matter how many smoke grenades they throw to cover up their intentions. For themselves they have choosen a hallucinatory illusion,which leads them to believe they may escape the consequences of their doing and will get a reward for their conduct. Yes, they will get a reward. They are made of some unhuman stuff.... as their reward will be.
Once grown up, consequences of their planting actions will show no mercy. No mercy with us - and no mercy with them.
Our shameful silence outside of the slaughterhouse allows the cries to be heard to the ends of the world. The cries will be heard. We are guilty of apathy. Nothing gets lost. Everything is recorded.
This is so much like a re-make of the Iraq fiasco and Saddam Hussein. Dont the US, UK, & Europe ever learn?? What excuse do we have to go to war with Libya? Only that innocent civillians are going to be killed in the internal warring. Well, in war, there are always civillians killed unfortunately. This is not an excuse or reason to interfere, so what is the real reason for our involvement?
"Next, the statesman will invent cheap lies to blame the attacked nation and everyone will be happy with these deceptions, smoothing the conscience. He will study them in detail and strictly refuse to consider arguments from the other side. This way, step by step, he will convince himself that the war is legitimate and thank God, that he will sleep much better after this grotesque process of self-deception. "
Mark Twain - "The Mysterious Stranger"
-- Edited by One single drop on Thursday 24th of March 2011 12:31:28 PM
ScienceDaily (Feb. 21, 2011) — New evidence bolsters the notion that deep saline groundwaters in South Africa's Wi****ersrand Basin may have remained isolated for many thousands, perhaps even millions, of years.
The study, recently accepted for publication in Chemical Geology, found the noble gas neon dissolved in water in three-kilometre deep crevices.
The unusual neon profile, along with the high salinities and some other unique chemical signatures, is very different from anything seen in molten fluid and gases rising from beneath Earth's crust, according to University of Toronto professor Barbara Sherwood Lollar, who is the Canadian member of the international team that produced the results.
"The chemical signatures also don't match those of ocean water or waters higher up in the Wi****ersrand Basin, where as in most regions of the crust ground waters show evidence of mixing with surface waters and are extensively colonized by microorganisms," she said. "We concluded that the deeper waters were the product of isolation and extensive chemical interaction betweenwater and rock over incredibly long geological time scales."
The smoking gun was the ancient basement rock.
"We know that this specific neon isotope signature was produced and trapped within the rock at least two billion years ago. We can still find it there today," Dr. Sherwood Lollar said. "The study shows some of the neon found its way outside of the rock minerals, gradually dissolving into, and accumulating in, fluids in crevices. This could only happen in waters that have indeed been cut off from the surface for extremely long time periods."
The discovery adds yet another dimension to what has only recently been recognized as a truly unique environment.
One of these fracture systems contains the deepest known microbial ecosystems on Earth. These are organisms that eke out an existence independent from sunlight onchemical energy that originates from rock. (Chemolithotrophs )
"These deep microbial communities radically expand our concept of the habitability of the Earth's subsurface and, indeed, our biosphere," said Dr. Sherwood Lollar.
"Given that they have a genetic similarity to organisms found at hydrothermal vents, we assume this is not a separate origin of life, but instead these organisms arrived from elsewhere to colonize these rocks in ancient times," she said. ( Rising from a greater depth? )
"Clearly the long period of isolation affected their evolution. This is one area we hope to explore with continuing research with our microbiology colleagues."
The lead author of the paper is Johanna Lippmann-Pipke of the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf in Leipzig, Germany. Researchers from that country, South Africa, the United States and Canada participated in the study.
Dr. Sherwood Lollar discussed the new findings at this year's meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in Washington, DC on February 20
Dr. Sherwood Lollar receives funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
Johanna Lippmann-Pipke, Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Samuel Niedermann, Nicole A. Stroncik, Rudolf Naumann, Esta van Heerden, Tullis C. Onstott. Neon identifies two billion year old fluid component in Kaapvaal Craton. Chemical Geology, 2011; DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.01.028
From the dictionary for martian play school pupils. „What you should be aware of, before visiting planet earth.“
Today „C“, like
consumer, consumers – On planet earth most of the population belongs to this group. Actually consumers are human beings, but this gets out of sight, as a result of the propaganda used by those who regard, name and treat them as a function.
Consumers are beings whose function is to buy goods to consume them, that means their function is to buy goods and transform these goods into waste.They are using up their lifetime by selling their workpower to buy these goods , which afterwards are transformed into waste.
Our own definition for consumer, consumers is a shorter one :
Consumers are human beings, who are consumed by their own consumption.
"Bring some colour into your life." ( work in progress )
PASADENA, CA—NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientists overseeing the ongoing Mars Exploration Rover Mission said Monday that the Spirit's latest transmissions could indicate a growing resentment of the Red Planet.
Enlarge ImageSpirit completes a diagram of an erect human penis on the planet's dusty surface.
"Spirit has been displaying some anomalous behavior," said Project Manager John Callas, who noted the rover's unsuccessful attempts to flip itself over and otherwise damage its scientific instruments. "And the thousand or so daily messages of 'STILL NO WATER' really point to a crisis of purpose."
The "robot geologist," as NASA describes Spirit, has been operating independently for over 990 Martian sols—nearly the equivalent of three Earth years. However, scientists estimate that, in recent weeks, Spirit has been functioning on the level of a rover who has been on Mars for approximately 6,160 sols.
According to Callas, Spirit was operating normally until the onset of the Martian winter, whose shorter days and frigid temperatures typically mean a slower pace for exploratory rovers. "We began getting the occasional transmission along the lines of 'ANOTHER SOIL SAMPLE OF THE EXACT SAME COMPOSITION AS THE LAST ONE,'" Callas said. "Most of the time, she'd power down and not transmit much of anything, which, at the time, didn't particularly concern us."
But as the winter lingered, Spirit began producing thousands of pages of sometimes rambling and dubious data, ranging from complaints that the Martian surface was made up almost entirely of the same basalt, to long-winded rants questioning the exorbitant cost and scientific relevance of the mission.
Enlarge ImageProject leaders receive data from the Mars rover Spirit.
"Granted, Spirit has been extraordinarily useful to our work," Callas said. "Last week, however, we received three straight days of images of the same rock with the message 'HAPPY NOW?'"
Mission Project Scientist Bruce Banerdt said that Spirit will often roll down Gusev crater and up the opposite side for no apparent reason, missing "countless" potential opportunities for scientific discovery.
"Once, when we radioed her to please leave the lecturing and hypothesis-making to the mission project team, she responded by forming her robotic arm into an obscene gesture," Banerdt said. "That arm contains a state-of-the-art spectrometer meant to provide crucial mineralogy data."
Project organizers said the most distressing instance of erratic behavior occurred last week, when images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter revealed that Spirit had scrawled the message '**** MARS' in the thick, iron oxide dust that gives the planet its characteristic red color.
"The orbiting Mars Odyssey has cut off transmissions from Spirit, which seems to envy the craft's ability to fly freely around in space," Banerdt said. "Similarly, data suggests Spirit is convinced that [sister rover] Opportunity has found water and isn't telling anyone."
Despite these malfunctions, mission leaders remain optimistic that the rover will eventually return to full working order.
"Hopefully these malfunctions will straighten themselves out," Callas said. "In the meantime, we'll simply have to try to glean what usable data we can from 'OVERPRICED SPACE-ROOMBA AWAITING MORE BULL**** ORDERS.'"
NASA remains optimistic that the rover will remain at least partially operational for the foreseeable future. However, because of the Spirit's recent proclivity toward ramming into boulders at full speed, scientists have remotely disabled its 1.5-pound rock-abrasion tool so the rover is unable to terminate the mission prematurely.
Coke-Sponsored Rover Finds Evidence Of Dasani On Mars
PASADENA, CA—The Coca-Cola-sponsored Real Rover has discovered evidence that the surface of Mars was once partially covered by free-flowing Dasani, scientists at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced Monday.
"The Real Rover's instruments found signs that cool, refreshing Dasani once drenched the surface of the Red Planet," said Dr. Marvin Chen, NASA space-science administrator and temporary liaison to Coca-Cola. "This discovery is so exciting, because it indicates that the Red Planet may have once hosted a healthy, active, fun-filled microscopic life. You see, Dasani would have been as vital to Martian lifeforms as it is to their terrestrial counterparts."
The Real Rover's March 19 launch marked the culmination of a two-year project designed by NASA and funded in part by a $400 million grant from the Coca-Cola corporation.
The logo-covered rover touched down Sunday, landing inside a crater newly christened Lymoni Spritenum. The rover then used its abrasion tool to grind below the surface, where it located cracks filled with several types of gray hematites—minerals known to form only in the presence of Dasani.
"It's true that pure, delicious Dasani is one of the most common compounds in the universe," Chen said. "But the abundant mineral deposits in the rocks indicate that the cool, life-enriching Dasani was indigenous to Mars, rather than the frozen Dasani core of a comet that collided with the planet."
Further study of the data will be necessary to determine whether the minerals formed as sedimentary deposits from standing surface pools of Dasani, or accumulated through the action of flowing ground-Dasani.
"Dasani comes in many forms," Chen said. "On Earth, we find it in servings as small as four ounces or as large as a 48-liter multi-pack. The first stows easily in your purse, and the latter is the life of the party. In between, there are other sizes perfect for a gym bag, a car's cupholder, or a child's lunch bag. Similarly, Dasani could have existed on Mars in various forms, like ice or vapor, and in many convenient locations, such as Martian oceans or the craters dotting the planet's surface."
Chen said scientists hope to confirm that icy Dasani exists at the southern pole of Mars, as recent spectral images from the European Space Agency's Mars Express Orbiter suggest.
"In the coming days, we'll be moving the Real Rover in the direction of the possible polar Dasani caps," Chen said. "As we continue to explore Mars, we hope to find Dasani distributed everywhere."
NASA geologist Matt Golombek, who chose the landing sites for the rovers, said confirming that Dasani exists on Mars would be a boon for the scientific community.
"Finding a source of water—er, Dasani—would mean future manned missions to Mars would not need to bring tanks of it with them," Golombek said. "Although establishing manned bases on Mars is still a far-future scenario, the existence of Dasani would make such a plan theoretically possible. Also, knowing that the liquid is there would likely lead to more sponsored exploration on the Red Planet and an eventual bottling plant."
Golombek said he is excited to continue the work of analyzing the data collected by the Real Rover.
"Understanding liquid... Dasani's role on the Martian surface is crucial," Golombek said. "Now that we've established that this life-giving substance was once... I'm supposed to say 'available solar-system-wide'... we can begin to consider whether life once existed on Mars, and if it did, what disaster befell the planet to eliminate it."
"Not that running out of Dasani isn't disastrous enough!" Chen interjected. "One fact is clear: Life on Mars was a lot more probable when abundant Dasani was present, just as life is more enjoyable on Earth when you've got Dasani. If you don't want to be dry and lifeless yourself, stock up on cool, refreshing Dasani bottled water."
The study also indicates that a significant number of members owned shares of major players in the health-care and financial-services sectors, which were the subject of major reform legislation during the period.
The findings—based on federal financial disclosure data released earlier this year—paint a wealthy bunch in Congress, with more than half of all members—261—were millionaires.
About one in five of those had average calculated wealth in 2009 of at least $10 million. Eight of the 261 were in the $100 million-plus range.
Rep. Darrell Issa (R-Calif.) ranked No. 1 in personal wealth—$303.5 million. (See related slideshow.)
In contrast, U.S. median household income dropped 3 percent to $50,221 between 2008 and 2009, the second straight decline, according to the Census Dept. In terms of millionaires, only about 1 percent of the overall population qualifies.
The CRP study comes amid a growing public outcry about the size of government and rising employee salaries when the economy—and most taxpayers—are struggling like never before, with unemployment stuck at 9.5 percent and wages and benefits flat in many sectors.
“Congressional representatives on balance rank among the wealthiest of wealthy Americans and boast financial portfolios that are all but unattainable for most of their constituents," said Sheila Krumholz, the Center's executive director.
The period covered is December 2008 to December 2009.
The median wealth of a representative was $765,010, up from $645,503 in 2008, while that of a senator was almost $2.38 million, versus $2.27 million the previous year.
That is sizable considering that by law members of each chamber receive an annual salary of $175,000. They do, however, qualify for a number of perks, including paid travel expenses.
Politicos' Portfolios
Stock holdings are among the assets covered in the report, and the investing tastes of Congress appear to be somewhat conventional, with large-cap, Dow 30 companies dominating the widely-held list of members (see slideshow.)
General Electric ,parent company of CNBC, is No. 1, with 82 current members of Congress listing it. Rounding out the top five are: Bank of America (63), Cisco Systems (61), Proctor & Gamble (61) andMicrosoft (54).
In another context, however, Beltway watchers might find it unsettling that some of the most widely-held stocks are those of companies at the center of the financial crisis in 2008-2009.
"The most popular investment among congressional members reads as a who’s who list of the most powerful corporate political forces in Washington, D.C. -- companies that each spend millions, if not tens of millions of dollars each year lobbying federal officials," states the CRP report.
In addition to Bank of America, Goldman Sachs , Wells Fargo , JPMorgan Chase and Citigroupwere popular holdings. All of them received funding under the TARP. Morgan Stanley, General Motors and AIG are not on the list.
Another big sector is health care-drugs, which, like financial services, was the subject of major reform legislation in 2009.
Drug industry giants likePfizer , for instance, ranked seventh on the list, with 49 members disclosing ownership. Rivals Johnson & Johnson and Merck also made the list of 50 companies.
The study indicates that party affiliation is not a key factor in the increase of lawmakers’ personal assets. Twelve Democrats and seven Republicans were among the 20 congressmen with the greatest annual increases. That ratio mirrors the overall party breakdown of the current Congress.
The CRP study is by no means precise science. The group notes: "Members of Congress are only required to report their wealth and liabilities in broad ranges. It’s therefore impossible to precisely determine how much value their assets are worth...."
Colony of Serpulitis - Glomerula ( worms that live inside of tubes made of calciumcarbonate) from the upper jurassic formation, Northwest Germany image, replicated into a 4x2 matrix, and turned into a martian landscape.
EMBARGOED UNTIL 0001 CENTRAL EUROPEAN TIME ON TUESDAY 21ST SEPTEMBER
Methane in the atmosphere of Mars lasts less than a year, according to a study by Italian scientists. Sergio Fonti (Università del Salento) and Giuseppe Marzo (NASA Ames) have used observations from NASA’s Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft to track the evolution of the gas over three martian years. They will be presenting their results at the European Planetary Science Congress in Rome on Tuesday 21st September.
“Only small amounts of methane are present in the martian atmosphere, coming from very localised sources. We’ve looked at changes in concentrations of the gas and found that there are seasonal and also annual variations. The source of the methane could be geological activity or it could be biological – we can’t tell at this point. However, it appears that the upper limit for methane lifetime is less than a year in the martian atmosphere,” said Fonti.
Levels of methane are highest in autumn in the northern hemisphere, with localised peaks of 70 parts per billion, although methane can be detected across most of the planet at this time of year. There is a sharp decrease in winter, with only a faint band between 40-50 degrees north. Concentrations start to build again in spring and rise more rapidly in summer, spreading across the planet.
“One of the interesting things that we’ve found is that in summer, although the general distribution pattern is much the same as in autumn, there are actually higher levels of methane in the southern hemisphere. This could be because of the natural circulation occurring in the atmosphere, but has to be confirmed by appropriate computer simulations,” said Fonti.
There are three regions in the northern hemisphere where methane concentrations are systematically higher: Tharsis and Elysium, the two main volcano provinces, and Arabia Terrae, which has high levels of underground water ice. Levels are highest over Tharsis, where geological processes, including magmatism, hydrothermal and geothermal activity could be ongoing.
“It’s evident that the highest concentrations are associated with the warmest seasons and locations where there are favourable geological - and hence biological - conditions such as geothermal activity and strong hydration. The higher energy available in summer could trigger the release of gases from geological processes or outbreaks of biological activity,” said Fonti.
The mechanisms for removing methane from the atmosphere are also not clear. Photochemical processes would not break down the gas quickly enough to match observations. However, wind driven processes can add strong oxidisers to the atmosphere, such as the highly reactive salt perchlorate, which could soak up methane much more rapidly.
Martian years are nearly twice as long as Earth years. The team used observations from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) on Mars Global Surveyor between July 1999 and October 2004, which corresponds to three martian years. The team studied one of the characteristic spectral features of methane in nearly 3 million TES observations, averaging data together to eliminate noise.
“Our study is the first time that data from an orbiting spectrometer has been used to monitor methane over an extended period. The huge TES dataset has allowed us to follow the methane cycle in the martian atmosphere with unprecedented accuracy and completeness. Our observations will be very useful in constraining the origins and significance of martian methane,” said Fonti.
Methane was first detected in the martian atmosphere by ground based telescopes in 2003 and confirmed a year later by ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft. Last year, observations using ground based telescopes showed the first evidence of a seasonal cycle.
The atmosphere on Mars consists of 95% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% argon, and contains traces of oxygen and water, as well as methane.
FURTHER INFORMATION
MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR
Mars Global Surveyor arrived at Mars in September 1997 and last communicated with Earth in November 2006. Findings from the mission included signs of past, persistent water such as an ancient delta and currently active water features in the gullies of canyon walls. For more information, see: http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mgs/
Two images of the Phoenix Mars lander taken from Martian orbit in 2008 and 2010. The 2008 lander image (left) shows two relatively blue spots on either side corresponding to the spacecraft's clean circular solar panels. In the 2010 (right) image scientists see a dark shadow that could be the lander body and eastern solar panel, but no shadow from the western solar panel. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona
Phoenix Mars Lander Is Silent, New Image Shows Damage
May 24, 2010 -- NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander has ended operations after repeated attempts to contact the spacecraft were unsuccessful. A new image transmitted by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter shows signs of severe ice damage to the lander's solar panels.
"The Phoenix spacecraft succeeded in its investigations and exceeded its planned lifetime," said Fuk Li, manager of the Mars Exploration Program at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. "Although its work is finished, analysis of information from Phoenix's science activities will continue for some time to come."
Last week, NASA's Mars Odyssey orbiter flew over the Phoenix landing site 61 times during a final attempt to communicate with the lander. No transmission from the lander was detected. Phoenix also did not communicate during 150 flights in three earlier listening campaigns this year.
Earth-based research continues on discoveries Phoenix made during summer conditions at the far-northern site where it landed May 25, 2008. The solar-powered lander completed its three-month mission and kept working until sunlight waned two months later.
Phoenix was not designed to survive the dark, cold, icy winter. However, the slim possibility Phoenix survived could not be eliminated without listening for the lander after abundant sunshine returned.
An image of Phoenix taken this month by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment, or HiRISE, camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter suggests the lander no longer casts shadows the way it did during its working lifetime.
"Before and after images are dramatically different," said Michael Mellon of the University of Colorado in Boulder, a science team member for both Phoenix and HiRISE. "The lander looks smaller, and only a portion of the difference can be explained by accumulation of dust on the lander, which makes its surfaces less distinguishable from surrounding ground."
Apparent changes in the shadows cast by the lander are consistent with predictions of how Phoenix could be damaged by harsh winter conditions. It was anticipated that the weight of a carbon-dioxide ice buildup could bend or break the lander's solar panels. Mellon calculated hundreds of pounds of ice probably coated the lander in mid-winter.
During its mission, Phoenix confirmed and examined patches of the widespread deposits of underground water ice detected by Odyssey and identified a mineral called calcium carbonate that suggested occasional presence of thawed water. The lander also found soil chemistry with significant implications for life and observed falling snow. The mission's biggest surprise was the discovery of perchlorate, an oxidizing chemical on Earth that is food for some microbes and potentially toxic for others.
"We found that the soil above the ice can act like a sponge, with perchlorate scavenging water from the atmosphere and holding on to it," said Peter Smith, Phoenix principal investigator at the University of Arizona in Tucson. "You can have a thin film layer of water capable of being a habitable environment. A micro-world at the scale of grains of soil -- that's where the action is."
The perchlorate results are shaping subsequent astrobiology research, as scientists investigate the implications of its antifreeze properties and potential use as an energy source by microbes. Discovery of the ice in the uppermost soil by Odyssey pointed the way for Phoenix. More recently, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter detected numerous ice deposits in middle latitudes at greater depth using radar and exposed on the surface by fresh impact craters.
"Ice-rich environments are an even bigger part of the planet than we thought," Smith said. "Somewhere in that vast region there are going to be places that are more habitable than others."
The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter reached the planet in 2006 to begin a two-year primary science mission. Its data show Mars had diverse wet environments at many locations for differing durations during the planet's history, and climate-change cycles persist into the present era. The mission has returned more planetary data than all other Mars missions combined.
Odyssey has been orbiting Mars since 2001. The mission also has played important roles by supporting the twin Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity. The Phoenix mission was led by Smith at the University of Arizona, with project management at JPL and development partnership at Lockheed Martin in Denver. The University of Arizona operates the HiRISE camera, which was built by Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corp., in Boulder. Mars missions are managed by JPL for NASA's Mars Exploration Program at NASA Headquarters in Washington. JPL is a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.